Parenthetical+Citations

The following information is a quick reference guide to **parenthetical notation**, which is the way you must give credit to others for any information that they may have given you through their book, article, interview, web site, reference book, pamphlet, or government document. Each source credited below is linked to a proper list of works cited on the next page. This is by no means an exhaustive guide; please refer to an MLA handbook for further explanation. //1. The first word that should appear in the notation should correspond to the first word of the corresponding entry as it is recorded in the list of works cited.// //2. A page number, listed without “p” or “pg.”, is required when the corresponding source has page numbers. An interview, for example will not require a page number.// //3. If the first word of the notation corresponds to the first word of two or more entries on the works cited page, then additional clarifying information is needed. Refer to the MLA for details.//
 * Parenthetical Notation**
 * Basic rules for proper notation:**


 * Example one: Two ways to paraphrase information from a magazine article with one author.**

The lack of leadership led to the fall of the Roman Empire (Sunny 14). According to researcher Greg Sunny, the lack of leadership caused the fall of the Roman Empire (14). **Example two: Two ways to quote information from one of two books by the same author.** The best leaders seem to be found in fiction, for “Beowulf is the penultimate hero type” (Campbell, __Heroic__ 214). Joseph Campbell’s opinion that the best leaders are found in fiction is clear when he writes, “Beowulf is the penultimate hero type” (__Heroic__ 214). **Example three: Notation for a book with two or three authors.** At the end of the journey, “…there is a distinct realization of power” (Campbell, Mann, and York 330). **Example four: Notation for an indirect citation.** Julius Caesar shouted, “Veni, Vidi, Vici!” (qtd. in Sunny 55). **Example five: Two ways to provide notation for an interview.** Although the Roman Empire expired long ago, “[t]he lessons of the Empire continue to affect American government” (Posnock). Professor Posnock, a Greek and Roman historian at the University of Washington, argues that “[t]he lessons of the Empire continue to affect American government.” **Example six: Unsigned (no listed author) encyclopedia article or dictionary entry.** The now famous city of Rome was founded, according to legend, by Romulus and Remus (“Romulus”). In Roman mythology, Romulus is “a son of Mars and founder and first king of Rome…” (“Romulus”). **Example seven: Citing a pamphlet.** The aquaducts of Rome provided the western world with its first real solution for the lack of water in some places (__Amazing__).
 * Example eight: Citing Internet sites: a newspaper article with an author, a web site without an author, and a professional web site.**

Beowulf, the hero, is a prototype of the Roman heroic ideal (Johnson). The Roman heroic ideal “…derived from the ideals established in Greek mythology” (__Roman Heroes__). Today, the heroic ideal “…is vested in the heroic definition created by mythology” (National). Works Cited __Amazing Aquaducts__. Seattle: World History Museum, 1988. Campbell, Joseph, Elaine Mann, and Tom York. __Heroes, Myths, and Mythmaking__. New York: Harper Collins, 1982. Campbell, Joseph. __Heroic Cycles__. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1978. Johnson, Janice T. “Caesar and Beowulf.” __The Seattle Times__ 18 Nov. 1999. 14 Mar. 2000 . National Research Council. __New Leadership in the World__. 4 Jan. 1989. 12 Mar. 2000 . Posnock, Ross. Personal interview. 22 Nov. 2000. __Roman Heroes__. 12 May 1999. University of Maryland. 12 Mar. 2000 . “Rome.” __Britannica Online__. Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 Mar. 2000 . “Romulus.” __Webster’s New World Dictionary of American English__. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988. 1165. Sunny, Greg. “The Last Stages of Empire.” __National Geographic__ Jan. 1990: 8-16.